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statistical bibliography

  • 1 Bibliography

       CONTENTS
       A. Bibliographies 301
       B. Periodicals Relating to Portugal 303
       C. General References 308
       Guides to Archives and Libraries 308
       Statistical 310
       Encyclopedias and Dictionaries 311
       D. Historical, Legal, Political Studies, Area and Country Studies 311
       General Histories, Legal, Political Studies, Area and Country Studies 311
       Historical Documents Collections: Portugal 313
       Historical Documents Collections: Portuguese Empire 315
       Historical Chronicles of Portugal and of Empire 317
       E. Culture, Literature, and Language 318
       F. Travel and Tourist Guides on Portugal 319
       G. History of Portugal 320
       Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE) 320
       Imperial and Early Modern (1415-1822) 322
       Constitutional Monarchy and Liberalism (1822-1910) 324
       Parliamentary, Republican Portugal (1910-26) 325
       Authoritarian Portugal (1926-74) 328
       World War II and Portugal 336
       The Military 339
       Government and Politics since 1974 339
       Contemporary Portugal since 1974 341
       H. Physical Features: Geography, Geology, Fauna, and Flora 348
       I. Archaeology and Prehistory 348
       J. Foreign Travelers and Residents' Accounts 349
       K. Portuguese Cartography, Discoveries, Navigation 351
       L. Portugal and Her Overseas Empires (1415-1975) 353
       1. Portuguese Migration and Communities Abroad 363
       Portugal's Atlantic Islands (Azores, Madeiras) 365
       Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1373-present) 366 M. Anthropology, Sociology, Rural and Urban Society 369 N. Arts, Architecture, Urban Planning, Music 373
       Sculpture and Ceramics 375
       Cinema 375
       Children's Literature of Portugal 376
       Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature 377
       The Inquisition in History 377
       Literature in English Translation: Selection 378
       Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine 382
       Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira 383
       Education, Science, Health, and Medical History 383
       Feminism and Women's Studies 385
       Religion and Catholic Church 386
       12. Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing 387
       O. Economy, Industry, and Development 389
       P. Photography on Portugal 391
       Q Equestrianism 392
       R. Electronic Resources 392
       Websites from Portuguese Government Agencies and Institutions 392
       Websites of Interest from Former Colonies 393
       Portuguese Pousadas (State-run Inns) 393

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bibliography

  • 2 bibliografía

    f.
    1 bibliography.
    2 cannon of single author.
    3 literature, learned studies of subject.
    * * *
    1 bibliography
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography; ( para curso) booklist
    * * *
    = bibliography, booklist [book list], bibliographic listing, reference bibliography, reference list.
    Ex. The techniques of identifying and describing documents and of arranging these descriptions in a useful order are known as bibliography.
    Ex. Publications, such as book lists, and published lists of specific subject areas present in the stock of a library may assist the user to identify those parts of the stock which might be of particular interest to him.
    Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex. A brief guide to the general development of type design follows in the next section, but for the identification of particular faces it will be necessary to refer to early founders' and printers' type-specimens (see the reference bibliography, pp. 396-7).
    Ex. In addition, the entire file can be printed out to serve as a reference list.
    ----
    * bibliografía acumulada = cumulative bibliography.
    * bibliografía analítica = analytical bibliography.
    * bibliografía anotada = annotated bibliography.
    * bibliografía comentada = annotated bibliography.
    * bibliografía crítica = critical bibliography.
    * bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.
    * bibliografía de recursos en Internet = webliography.
    * bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * bibliografía en curso = current bibliography.
    * bibliografía enumerativa = enumerative bibliography.
    * bibliografía especializada = literature.
    * bibliografía estadística = statistical bibliography.
    * bibliografía física = physical bibliography.
    * bibliografia general = general bibliography.
    * bibliografía histórica = historical bibliography.
    * bibliografía intelectual = intellectual bibliography.
    * bibliografía internacional = international bibliography.
    * bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * bibliografía primaria = primary literature.
    * bibliografía profesional = literature.
    * bibliografía recomendada = recommended background reading, recommended reading.
    * bibliografía recomendada para el curso = course reading.
    * bibliografía retrospectiva = retrospective bibliography.
    * bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.
    * bibliografía sistemática = systematic bibliography.
    * bibliografía temática = subject bibliography.
    * biobliografía = biobibliography [bio-bibliography].
    * cartobibliografía = cartobibliography.
    * compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.
    * * *
    femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography; ( para curso) booklist
    * * *
    = bibliography, booklist [book list], bibliographic listing, reference bibliography, reference list.

    Ex: The techniques of identifying and describing documents and of arranging these descriptions in a useful order are known as bibliography.

    Ex: Publications, such as book lists, and published lists of specific subject areas present in the stock of a library may assist the user to identify those parts of the stock which might be of particular interest to him.
    Ex: Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex: A brief guide to the general development of type design follows in the next section, but for the identification of particular faces it will be necessary to refer to early founders' and printers' type-specimens (see the reference bibliography, pp. 396-7).
    Ex: In addition, the entire file can be printed out to serve as a reference list.
    * bibliografía acumulada = cumulative bibliography.
    * bibliografía analítica = analytical bibliography.
    * bibliografía anotada = annotated bibliography.
    * bibliografía comentada = annotated bibliography.
    * bibliografía crítica = critical bibliography.
    * bibliografía de derecho = legal bibliography.
    * bibliografía de recursos en Internet = webliography.
    * bibliografía descriptiva = descriptive bibliography.
    * bibliografía de trabajo = working bibliography.
    * bibliografía en curso = current bibliography.
    * bibliografía enumerativa = enumerative bibliography.
    * bibliografía especializada = literature.
    * bibliografía estadística = statistical bibliography.
    * bibliografía física = physical bibliography.
    * bibliografia general = general bibliography.
    * bibliografía histórica = historical bibliography.
    * bibliografía intelectual = intellectual bibliography.
    * bibliografía internacional = international bibliography.
    * bibliografía nacional = national bibliography.
    * Bibliografía Nacional Británica (BNB) = British National Bibliography (BNB).
    * bibliografía primaria = primary literature.
    * bibliografía profesional = literature.
    * bibliografía recomendada = recommended background reading, recommended reading.
    * bibliografía recomendada para el curso = course reading.
    * bibliografía retrospectiva = retrospective bibliography.
    * bibliografía secundaria = secondary literature.
    * bibliografía sistemática = systematic bibliography.
    * bibliografía temática = subject bibliography.
    * biobliografía = biobibliography [bio-bibliography].
    * cartobibliografía = cartobibliography.
    * compilar una bibliografía = compile + bibliography.
    * MARC de la Bibliografía Nacional Británica = BNB MARC.
    * número de bibliografía nacional = national record number.
    * número de la bibliografía nacional = national bibliographic record number.

    * * *
    1 (en un libro, informe) bibliography
    2 (para un curso) recommended reading
    * * *

    bibliografía sustantivo femenino (en libro, informe) bibliography;
    ( para curso) booklist
    bibliografía sustantivo femenino bibliography
    ' bibliografía' also found in these entries:
    English:
    bibliography
    * * *
    bibliography
    * * *
    f bibliography
    * * *
    : bibliography

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliografía

  • 3 bibliografía estadística

    Ex. The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.
    * * *

    Ex: The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliografía estadística

  • 4 desde los primeros tiempos

    = since the earliest of times, from earliest times
    Ex. A vast number of different means of organizing knowledge have been devised and exploited since the earliest of times.
    Ex. The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.
    * * *
    = since the earliest of times, from earliest times

    Ex: A vast number of different means of organizing knowledge have been devised and exploited since the earliest of times.

    Ex: The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.

    Spanish-English dictionary > desde los primeros tiempos

  • 5 línea de investigación

    (n.) = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line
    Ex. Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.
    Ex. The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.
    Ex. The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.
    Ex. This article presents a method for identifying the research front of a scientific discipline based on constructing cocitation clusters and on a content analysis of citations.
    Ex. One avenue of research that is set to improve information access is to develop technologies for automatically personalizing information.
    Ex. 'Cultural norms' have foreclosed research avenues in evolutionary studies.
    Ex. This avenue of investigation leads into spatial approaches used frequently by psychologists, sociologists, and architectural designers = Esta línea de investigación nos lleva a métodos para estudiar el espacio físico usados frecuentmente por los sicólogos, sociólogos y arquitectos.
    Ex. This paper identifies the significant research influences on practice, and the research lines not yet reflected in operational systems.
    * * *
    (n.) = line of enquiry, line of research, line of enquiry, research front, avenue (for/of) research, research avenue, avenue of investigation, research line

    Ex: Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.

    Ex: The lines of research leading up to and forming the subfield of bibliometrics are traced from earliest times to 1969, when this term was proposed as a substitute for statistical bibliography.
    Ex: The reviewer's place in citation chains is an important one because conceivably a carefully done critical review could make or break a line of enquiry or alter the direction of a chain of citations.
    Ex: This article presents a method for identifying the research front of a scientific discipline based on constructing cocitation clusters and on a content analysis of citations.
    Ex: One avenue of research that is set to improve information access is to develop technologies for automatically personalizing information.
    Ex: 'Cultural norms' have foreclosed research avenues in evolutionary studies.
    Ex: This avenue of investigation leads into spatial approaches used frequently by psychologists, sociologists, and architectural designers = Esta línea de investigación nos lleva a métodos para estudiar el espacio físico usados frecuentmente por los sicólogos, sociólogos y arquitectos.
    Ex: This paper identifies the significant research influences on practice, and the research lines not yet reflected in operational systems.

    Spanish-English dictionary > línea de investigación

  • 6 GENERAL REFERENCES

       ■ Guides to Archives and Libraries
       ■ Amaral, A. Ferreira do. "Archives da la ville de Lisbonne." Archivum 13 (1963): 98-101.
       ■ Andrade e Sousa, Teresa. "Guia das Colecções de Manuscritos da Divisao dos Reservados" [in Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, Lisbon/. Revista da Biblioteca Nacional, 2nd series, 3, 1 (Jan.-April 1988): 95-129.
       ■ Axelson, Eric. "Report on the Archives and Libraries of Portugal." In Eric Axelson, ed., Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1600, 247-63. Johannesburg, South Africa: C. Struik, 1973.
       ■ Boschi, Caio C. Roteiro-sumário de arquivos portugueses de interesse para o pesquisador da História do Brasil. Lisbon: Ed. Universitarias Lusôfonos, 1995.
       ■ Boxer, C. R. "A Glimpse of the Goa Archives." Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. (June 1952): 299-324.
       ■ -. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969: 392-413.
       ■ Brooks, George E. "Notes on Research Facilities in Lisbon and the Cape Verde Islands." International Journal of African Historical Studies 6 (1973): 304-14.
       ■ Cardozo, Manoel. "Portugal [Archives and Libraries]." In Daniel H. Thomas and Lynn M. Case, eds., New Guide to the Diplomatic Archives of Western Europe, 256-74. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1975.
       ■ Castro e Almeida, E. de. Inventário dos documentos relativos ao Brasil existentes no Arquivo da Marinha e Ultramar de Lisboa, 6 vols. Rio de Janeiro: 1913-36.
       ■ Centro de Estudos Hist0ricos Ultramarinos. Manuscritos da Ajuda ( guia), 2 vols. Lisbon: CEHU, 1966-73.
       ■ Chilcote, Ronald H. "Documenting Portuguese Africa." Africana Newsletter (Stanford, Calif.) I (Autumn 1963): 16-36.
       ■ Diffie, Bailey W. "Bibliography of the Principal Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries." Actas do Colóquio Internacional de Estudos Luso-Brasileiras de 1950 (Washington). Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953: 181-88.
       ■ Farinha, Maria do Carmo Jasmins Dias. Os Arquivos da Inquisição. Lisbon: Arquivo Nacional de Torre do Tombo, 1990.
       ■ Ferreira, Fernando Bandeira. "Chronique des archives du Portugal." Archivum 11 (1963): 207-14.
       ■ Fonseca, F. Bellard da. "Arquivo Geral da Alfãndega de Lisboa." Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos 2nd series, 75-76 (1948): 75-76.
       ■ Garcia, Maria Madalena. Arquivo Salazar: Inventário e Indices. Lisbon: Edit. Estampa, 1992.
       ■ Grover, Mark L. "Research in Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 435-75. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.
       ■ Instituto Portugües de Arquivos. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para História de Africa. Vol. I. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1991.
       ■ -. Guia de Fontes Portuguesas para a História da América. Volume II. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa da Moeda, 1992. Instituto Portugües do Patrimônio Cultural. Roteiro das bibliotecas e arquivos dependentes administrativamente do Instituto Português do Património. Lisbon: IPPC, 1984. Iria, Alberto. Inventário geral dos códices do Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino. Lisbon, 1966.
       ■ Nascimento, Aires do. Bibliografia de arquivos portugueses. Lisbon: Instituto Portugües de Arquivos, 1991.
       ■ Pereira, Arnaldo Antônio. "Arquivos históricos de Lisboa: contribuição para um roteiro." Clio 4 (1982): 95-120; 5 (1984-85): 115-48.
       ■ Pereira, Gabriel. Bibliotecas e arquivos nacionais. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1903.
       ■ -. Arquivos nacionais. Coimbra: Univ. da Coimbra, 1910.
       ■ Pescatello, Ann. "Relatôrio [Report] from Portugal: The Archives and Libraries of Portugal and Their Significance for the Study of Brazilian History." Latin American Research Review 5, 2 (1970): 17-52. Rau, Virginia. Arquivos de Portugal: Lisboa. In The International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies, 189-231. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1953.
       ■ Ribeiro, José Silvestre. Apontamentos históricos sobre bibliotecas portuguesas. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade, 1914.
       ■ Ryder, A. F. C. Materials for West African History in Portuguese Archives. London: Athlone Press, University of London, 1965.
       ■ Serrão, Joel, Maria da Silva Leal, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Roteiro de fontes da História Portuguesa Contemporânea: Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo. Vols. I and II. Lisbon, 1984.
       ■ Silva Leal, Maria da, and Miriam Halpern Pereira, eds. Arquivo e Historiografia: Colóquio sobre as Fontes de História Contemporânea Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1988.
       ■ Silveira, Luís. Portugal nos arquivos do estrangeiro, 2 vols. Lisbon: Instituto para a Alta Cultura, 1946-48.
       ■ Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Bibliografia do Ultramar Portugües existente na Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1974.
       ■ Tovar, Conde de. Catálogo dos Manuscritos Portugueses ou Relativos a Portugal Existentes no Museu Britânico. Lisbon: Academia das Ciências, 1932. Vieira, Alberto. Guia Para A História E Investigação Das Ilhas Atlânticas. Funchal, 1995.
       ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Ajuda Library/Biblioteca Da Ajuda [Lisbon, Portugal)." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 7 (Winter/Spring 1980-81): 1-2.
       ■ -. "Archival Materials and Manuscripts on United States History in Portugal and the Azores Islands." In Lewis Hanke, ed., Guide to the Study of United States History Outside the U.S. 1945-1980, 346-56. White Plains, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications; American Historical Association University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1985.
       ■ -. "The Archives of Portugal: A Guide to an Intelligence Treasure Trove." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 4, 4 (Winter 1990): 539-50.
       ■ Statistical
       ■ Agência Geral do Ultramar. Províncias ultramarinas portuguesas: Dados informativos. Lisbon, 1962-66.
       ■. Portugal: Overseas Provinces: Facts and Figures. Lisbon, 1965.
       ■ Anuário Estatístico de Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1875-present.
       ■ Anuário Estatístico. II. Províncias Ultramarinas, 1969. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1971.
       ■ Ayala, José Aldana. Compêndio Geographico-Estadistico de Portugal y sus Posesiones Ultramarinas. Madrid, 1855.
       ■ Balbi, Adriano. Essai Statistique sur le Royaume de Portugal et d'Algarve. Paris, 1822.
       ■ Estatísticas Agrícolas. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1965-pre-sent.
       ■ Estatísticas Industriais. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 1967-pre-sent.
       ■ Estatísticas de Saúde. Lisbon, 1970-present.
       ■ Gaspar, Jorge, ed. Portugal Em Mapas E Em Números. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1990 ed.
       ■ McNitt, Harold A., comp. Selected Agricultural and Trade Statistics for the European Community: Greece, Spain and Portugal. 1967-79. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture; Statistical Bulletin no. 692, 1982.
       ■ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Portugal: OECD Economic Surveys. Paris: OECD, 1979-present.
       ■ Pery, Geraldo. Geographia e Estatistica de Portugal e Colonias. Lisbon, 1875.
       ■ Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, 1969; annual volumes. Vicente, Ana. "A Statistical Portrait of Portugal." In Iêda Siqueira Wiarda, ed., The Handbook of Portuguese Studies, 477-511. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.
       ■ Andrade, John. Dicionário Do 25 De Abril. Verde Fauna, Rubra Flora. Lisbon: Nova Arrancada, 2002.
       ■ Azevedo, Candido De, ed. Classe Politica Portuguesa: Estes Politicos Que Nos Governam. Lisbon, 1989.
       ■ Barreto, Antônio, and Maria Filomena Mônica, eds. Dicionário De História De Portugal. Vols. VII, VIII and IX. Suplemento (to 6 vols. of Joel Serrão, DHP), 3 vols. Oporto: Figueirinhas, 1999-2000.
       ■ Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura, 30 vols., to date. Lisbon: Verbo: 1963-90.
       ■ Grande Enciclopédia Portuguesa e Brasileira, 40 vols. Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro, 1924-60.
       ■ Guía das Fundações Portuguesas/ Portuguese Foundations Guide, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Centro Portugües de Fundações, 1996.
       ■ Rosas, Fernando, and J. M. Brandão de Brito, eds. Dicionário de História do Estado Novo, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1996.
       ■ Secretaria de Estado da Informação e Turismo. Orgânica Governamental, Sua Evolução: E Elencos Ministeriais Constituidos Desde 5 De Outubro De 1910 à 31 De Março De 1972. Lisbon, 1972.
       ■ Selecções do Reader's Digest, ed. Dicionário Enciclopédico Da História De Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 1993.
       ■ Serrão, Joel, ed. Dicionário De História De Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 196371.
       ■ General Histories, Legal, Political Studies, Area and Country Studies
       ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Coimbra, 1922-29. Ameal, João. História de Portugal: Das Orígens Até 1940, 4th ed. Oporto, 1958.
       ■ Anderson, James Maxwell. The History of Portugal. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 2000.
       ■ Birmingham, David. A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993. Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal. Paris, 1949.
       ■ Bourdon, Albert-Alain. Histoire du Portugal. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970.
       ■ Bradford, Sarah. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.
       ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, José Adelino Maltez, and Mendo Castro Henriques. Bem Comum Dos Portugueses. Lisbon: Vega, 1999.
       ■ Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962.
       ■ -. História Breve das Constituiçoes Portuguesas, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1974.
       ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.
       ■ -. Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
       ■ Eppstein, John. Portugal: The Country and Its People. London: Queen Anne Press, 1967.
       ■ Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa, and Helena Rato, eds. Portugal Hoje. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administraçao, 1995. Garcia, José Manuel. História de Portugal: Uma Visão Global, 4th ed. Lisbon, 1989.
       ■ Kaplan, Marion. The Portuguese: The Land and Its People, 2nd ed. New York: Viking, 1998.
       ■ Koebel, William. Portugal: Its Land and People. London: Constable, 1909. Livermore, Harold V. A History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1947.
       ■ -. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976 ed.
       ■ -. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.
       ■ -. A Short History of Portugal. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967.
       ■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986. Mattoso, José, ed. História De Portugal, 8 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1993-94. Nowell, Charles E. A History of Portugal. New York: Van Nostrand, 1953.
       ■ -. Portugal. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1973.
       ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. História de Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1972-90, various eds.
       ■ -. History of Portugal, 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972; 1976 ed. in one volume.
       ■ -. Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1991.
       ■ -. Breve Historia De Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1995.
       ■ Oliveira Martins, J. História de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1880 and later editions.
       ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991. Pajot, Lalé. Le Portugal. Paris: Pichon and Durand, 1971. Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.
       ■ Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.
       ■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal, 9 vols. Barcelos and Coimbra, Monumental Edition, 1928-35.
       ■ Raibaud, A. Petite Histoire du Portugal: Des Origines à 1910. Nice, 1964.
       ■ Reynold, Gonzague de. Portugal. Paris, 1936.
       ■ Saraiva, José Hermano. História Concisa de Portugal. Lisbon, 1978 and later eds.
       ■ -. História De Portugal, 4th ed. Mem Martins: Pub. Europa-América, 1993.
       ■ -. Portugal: A Companion History. Ed. and expanded by Ian Robertson and
       ■ L. C. Taylor. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.
       ■ Sayers, Raymond S., ed. Portugal and Brazil in Transition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.
       ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Lisbon, 1931.
       ■ Sérgio, Antônio. A Sketch of the History of Portugal. Lisbon, 1928.
       ■ Serrão, Joel, and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História De Portugal, 10 vols. Lisbon, 1987-.
       ■ Silva, Manuela, coord. Portugal Contemporâneo: Problemas e perspectivas. Oeiras: Instituto Nacional de Administração, 1986.
       ■ Trend, J. B. Portugal. London: Ernest Benn, 1957.
       ■ Veríssimo Serrão, José. História De Portugal, 14 vols. Lisbon, 1980-97.
       ■ Vieira, Nelson H., ed. Roads to Today's Portugal: Essays on Contemporary Portuguese Literature, Art and Culture. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1983.
       ■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.
       ■ Historical Document Collections: Portugal Almeida, Manuel Lopes de, ed. Obras dos Príncipes de Avis. Oporto: Lello, 1981.
       ■ Andrade e Silva, José Justino da, ed. Collecção Chronologica da Legislação Portugueza ( 1603-1702), 10 vols. Lisbon De Souza, 1854-59.
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    Historical dictionary of Portugal > GENERAL REFERENCES

  • 7 Fermi, Enrico

    [br]
    b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italy
    d. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    Italian nuclear physicist.
    [br]
    Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.
    Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.
    Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1938.
    Bibliography
    1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).
    Further Reading
    L.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).
    E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fermi, Enrico

  • 8 Hales, Stephen

    [br]
    b. September 1677 Bekesbourne, Kent, England
    d. 4 January 1761 Teddington, Middlesex, England
    [br]
    English physiologist and inventor, author of the first account of the measurement of blood pressure.
    [br]
    After attending Corpus Christi, Cambridge, he was admitted as a Fellow in 1702. During the ensuing years he was engaged in botanical, astronomical and chemical activities and research. He was appointed Minister at Teddington, Middlesex, in 1708 and remained in that post until his death. During these years, he continued to engage in a wide range of botanical and physiological activities involving studies of the nutrition of plants, blood pressure and the flow of blood in animals. He was also the inventor of improved ventilation by systems of partition and ducting, and the production of fresh water by distillation for ships at sea. The wide range of his interests did not preclude his care for his pastoral duties, and he was involved in the education of the Prince of Wales's children, although he declined a canonry of Windsor. In his writings he set a standard for the scientific method as related to principles based on facts and observation.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1718. Copley Medal 1739. Académie Française 1753. Founding Member, Society of Arts; Vice-President 1755.
    Bibliography
    1727, Vegetable Statisticks, London. 1733, Statistical Essays, London.
    1743, 1758, A Description of Ventilators, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Hales, Stephen

  • 9 Maxwell, James Clerk

    [br]
    b. 13 June 1831 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 5 November 1879 Cambridge, England
    [br]
    Scottish physicist who formulated the unified theory of electromagnetism, the kinetic theory of gases and a theory of colour.
    [br]
    Maxwell attended school at the Edinburgh Academy and at the age of 16 went on to study at Edinburgh University. In 1850 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated four years later as Second Wrangler with the award of the Smith's Prize. Two years later he was appointed Professor at Marischal College, Aberdeen, where he married the Principal's daughter. In 1860 he moved to King's College London, but on the death of his father five years later, Maxwell returned to the family home in Scotland, where he continued his researches as far as the life of a gentleman farmer allowed. This rural existence was interrupted in 1874 when he was persuaded to accept the chair of Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge. Unfortunately, in 1879 he contracted the cancer that brought his brilliant career to an untimely end. While at Cambridge, Maxwell founded the Cavendish Laboratory for research in physics. A succession of distinguished physicists headed the laboratory, making it one of the world's great centres for notable discoveries in physics.
    During the mid-1850s, Maxwell worked towards a theory to explain electrical and magnetic phenomena in mathematical terms, culminating in 1864 with the formulation of the fundamental equations of electromagnetism (Maxwell's equations). These equations also described the propagation of light, for he had shown that light consists of transverse electromagnetic waves in a hypothetical medium, the "ether". This great synthesis of theories uniting a wide range of phenomena is worthy to set beside those of Sir Isaac Newton and Einstein. Like all such syntheses, it led on to further discoveries. Maxwell himself had suggested that light represented only a small part of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves, and in 1888 Hertz confirmed the discovery of another small part of the spectrum, radio waves, with momentous implications for the development of telecommunication technology. Maxwell contributed to the kinetic theory of gases, which by then were viewed as consisting of a mass of randomly moving molecules colliding with each other and with the walls of the containing vessel. From 1869 Maxwell applied statistical methods to describe the molecular motion in mathematical terms. This led to a greater understanding of the behaviour of gases, with important consequences for the chemical industry.
    Of more direct technological application was Maxwell's work on colour vision, begun in 1849, showing that all colours could be derived from the three primary colours, red, yellow and blue. This enabled him in 1861 to produce the first colour photograph, of a tartan. Maxwell's discoveries about colour vision were quickly taken up and led to the development of colour printing and photography.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Most of his technical papers are reprinted in The Scientific Papers of J.Clerk Maxwell, 1890, ed. W.D.Niven, Cambridge, 2 vols; reprinted 1952, New York.
    Maxwell published several books, including Theory of Heat, 1870, London (1894, 11th edn, with notes by Lord Rayleigh) and Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, 1873, Oxford (1891, ed. J.J.Thomson, 3rd edn).
    Further Reading
    L.Campbell and W.Garnett, 1882, The Life of James Clerk Maxwell, London (the standard biography).
    J.J.Thomson (ed.), 1931, James Clerk Maxwell 1831–1931, Cambridge. J.G.Crowther, 1932, British Scientists of the Nineteenth Century, London.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Maxwell, James Clerk

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